The Australia Institute reported that an estimated 902,717 Australians aged 12 to 19 gambled, representing about 34% of that age group. The study put their annual gambling expenditure at A$231m, including A$18.4m among 12- to 17-year-olds and A$213m among those aged 18 to 19.
The estimates quantify underage gambling participation and spending for operators and regulators assessing youth exposure.
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A study by Reflect Företagsutveckling AB surveyed 3,463 people who took part in online gambling and land-based betting. It found that 34% of women aged 18 to 26 reported a previous mental health diagnosis, compared with 13% of male gamblers reporting a concurrent condition; the report also gave a 29% figure across female age groups.
The ICE Research Institute funded a study examining how media portrayals shape gambling stigma and public debate in Spain. Researcher David Pere Martínez Oró said the study analysed 726 newspaper articles published between 2011 and 2024 and identified moral, economic, recreational and biomedical portrayals.
A study commissioned by the Brazilian Institute for Responsible Gaming estimated that illegal operators account for 38% to 44% of betting and handle R$32.9bn to R$43.3bn annually. The report also cited an industry association’s detection of 1,689 domains classified as illegal on 26 September, including 1,197 with active betting pages. A government measure bars new deposits at licensed companies and requires their sites and apps to close from 6 October, while the association’s legal consultant criticised the measure’s reach.
A Gaming Compliance International study for the Campaign for Fairer Gambling estimated that unregulated online gambling generated €91.6 billion in gross gambling revenue across the EU in 2025. The study put this at 72% of total online GGR and estimated €22 billion in related tax revenue was lost to unregulated operators.
Reportedly, a Euromat study suggests Europe's illegal gambling market has grown threefold over six years. The study values the market at €12bn and forecasts further growth.